VSEPR Builder
Work out the shape and hybridization step by step, then rotate the molecule in 3D. Every shape is labeled AXmEn: m bonded atoms and n lone pairs on the central atom.
Choose a molecule
1 Valence electrons
Add up the valence electrons of every atom. Subtract one per positive charge, add one per negative charge.
2 Steric number
Electron groups on the central atom: bonded atoms (m) + lone pairs (n). A double or triple bond counts as one group.
3 Lone pairs (n)
How many lone pairs stay on the central atom after every outer atom has a full octet (hydrogen: 2 electrons)?
4 Hybridization
The number of hybrid orbitals equals the steric number: 2 → sp, 3 → sp², 4 → sp³, 5 → sp³d, 6 → sp³d².
5 σ and π bonds
Count the bonds to the central atom only. Every bond has one σ. A double bond adds one π, a triple bond adds two.
Pick m and n
Rows: m bonded atoms. Columns: n lone pairs. Steric number = m + n.
Lone pairs sit where they have the most room: equatorial first for steric number 5, opposite each other for steric number 6.